The value of diagnostic procedures for essential hypertension control after an early recovery period of hemorrhagic stroke (literature review)
Abstract
hemorrhagic stroke is the most severe type of stroke, which is more likely to lead to death and severe disability. Although there are many causes and risk factors for hemorrhagic stroke – both congenital and acquired, and mostly their combination – essential hypertension is the most common and leading cause of intracranial hemorrhage. This study aimed to make a comprehensive overview on the value of diagnostic procedures for essential hypertension control after an early recovery period of hemorrhagic stroke. The analyzed data were observed on PubMed and Ukrainian scientific sources concerning essential hypertension course in post-hemorrhagic stroke patients in relation to further prophylaxis in stable phase. All the observed manuscripts were published within the period 2014-2024. The focus of attention was made predominantly on the essential hypertension as the key factor for hemorrhagic stroke development. From the literature review, it could be concluded that the problem of essential hypertension control after hemorrhagic stroke is relevant today and needs a thorough solution to prevent the re-occurrence of cerebrovascular events. For a rational approach to the management of hypertensive patients with hemorrhagic stroke medical history, it would be necessary to perform a set of diagnostic procedures, which would include ultrasound examination of the major cervical arteries, echocardiography, 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure and electrocardiogram monitoring, determination of plasma cholesterol panel indices and blood coagulation tests.
References
Avolio, A., Kim, M. O., Adji, A., Gangoda, S., Avadhanam, B., Tan, I., & Butlin, M. (2018). Cerebral Haemodynamics: Effects of Systemic Arterial Pulsatile Function and Hypertension. Current hypertension reports, 20(3), 20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-018-0822-x
Bétrisey, S., Haller, M. L., Efthimiou, O., Speierer, A., Del Giovane, C., Moutzouri, E., ... & Gencer, B. (2023). Lipid‐lowering therapy and risk of hemorrhagic stroke: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of the American Heart Association, e030714. https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.123.030714
Biffi, A., Teo, K. C., Castello, J. P., Abramson, J. R., Leung, I. Y., Leung, W. C., ... & Rosand, J. (2021). Impact of uncontrolled hypertension at 3 months after intracerebral hemorrhage. Journal of the American Heart Association, 10(11), e020392. https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.120.020392
Cantone, M., Lanza, G., Puglisi, V., Vinciguerra, L., Mandelli, J., Fisicaro, F., Pennisi, M., Bella, R., Ciurleo, R., & Bramanti, A. (2021). Hypertensive Crisis in Acute Cerebrovascular Diseases Presenting at the Emergency Department: A Narrative Review. Brain sciences, 11(1), 70. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11010070
Che, F., Mi, D., Wang, A., Ju, Y., Sui, B., Xu, G., Zhao, X., & Wang, W. (2022). Extracranial carotid plaque hemorrhage predicts ipsilateral stroke recurrence in patients with carotid atherosclerosis – a study based on high-resolution vessel wall imaging MRI. BMC Neurology, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-022-02758-3
Cinotti, R., Piriou, N., Launey, Y., Le Tourneau, T., Lamer, M., Delater, A., Trochu, J. N., Brisard, L., Lakhal, K., Bourcier, R., Desal, H., Seguin, P., Mallédant, Y., Blanloeil, Y., Feuillet, F., Asehnoune, K., & Rozec, B. (2016). Speckle tracking analysis allows sensitive detection of stress cardiomyopathy in severe aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage patients. Intensive care medicine, 42(2), 173–182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-015-4106-5
Dadlani, A., Madan, K., & Sawhney, J. P. S. (2019). Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in clinical practice. Indian heart journal, 71(1), 91–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ihj.2018.11.015
Donkor E. S. (2018). Stroke in the 21st Century: A Snapshot of the Burden, Epidemiology, and Quality of Life. Stroke research and treatment, 2018, 3238165. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3238165
Guerra, F. E., Carrera, B., & Schenone, G. (2021). Qtc Interval Dispersion in Patients with Acute Stroke. Ann Heart, 5(1), 132-139. https://doi.org/10.36959/652/404
Feigin, V. L., Brainin, M., Norrving, B., Martins, S., Sacco, R. L., Hacke, W., Fisher, M., Pandian, J., & Lindsay, P. (2022). World Stroke Organization (WSO): Global Stroke Fact Sheet 2022. International journal of stroke : official journal of the International Stroke Society, 17(1), 18–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/17474930211065917
Gao, B. L., Hao, H., Hao, W., Ren, C. F., Yang, L., & Han, Y. (2022). Cerebral aneurysms at major arterial bifurcations are associated with the arterial branch forming a smaller angle with the parent artery. Scientific reports, 12(1), 5106. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-09000-7
Gong, X., Chen, L., Song, B., Han, X., Xu, W., Wu, B., Sheng, F., & Lou, M. (2022). Associations of lipid profiles with the risk of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2022.893248
Gorelick, P. B., Whelton, P. K., Sorond, F. A., & Carey, R. M. (2020). Blood pressure management in stroke. Hypertension, 76(6), 1688–1695. https://doi.org/10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.14653
Harvey, A., Montezano, A. C., Alves-Lopes, R., Ríos, F., & Touyz, R. M. (2016). Vascular Fibrosis in aging and hypertension: Molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. Canadian Journal of Cardiology, 32(5), 659–668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2016.02.070
Hira, A., Sajjad, M., Turi, A. H., Ahmad, B., Tabassum, S., Maqsood, S., & Anwar, U. (2022). QTC prolongation in patients of haemorrhagic stroke. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, 16(5), 923–924. https://doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs22165923
Huang, Q. F., Yang, W. Y., Asayama, K., Zhang, Z. Y., Thijs, L., Li, Y., O'Brien, E., & Staessen, J. A. (2021). Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring to Diagnose and Manage Hypertension. Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979), 77(2), 254–264. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.14591
Huart, J., Persu, A., Lengelé, J. P., Krzesinski, J. M., Jouret, F., & Stergiou, G. S. (2023). Pathophysiology of the Nondipping Blood Pressure Pattern. Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979), 80(4), 719–729. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.19996
Jebari-Benslaiman, S., Galicia-García, U., Larrea-Sebal, A., Olaetxea, J. R., Alloza, I., Vandenbroeck, K., Benito-Vicente, A., & Martín, C. (2022). Pathophysiology of Atherosclerosis. International journal of molecular sciences, 23(6), 3346. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23063346
Karmali, K. N., & Lloyd-Jones, D. M. (2017). Global Risk Assessment to Guide Blood Pressure Management in Cardiovascular Disease Prevention. Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979), 69(3), e2–e9. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.08249
Kaur, A., & Dhoat, P. S. (2022). Heart Rate Corrected QT Interval and QT Dispersion in Patients with Uncomplicated Essential Hypertension. The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, 70(4), 11–12.
Kim, J., Kim, J. H., Lee, H. S., Suh, S. H., & Lee, K. Y. (2021). Association between longitudinal blood pressure and prognosis after treatment of cerebral aneurysm: A nationwide population-based cohort study. PloS one, 16(5), e0252042. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252042
Kitagawa K. (2022). Blood pressure management for secondary stroke prevention. Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension, 45(6), 936–943. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41440-022-00908-1
Li, H., Xu, X., Luo, B., & Zhang, Y. (2021). The Predictive Value of Carotid Ultrasonography with Cardiovascular Risk Factors—A “SPIDER” promoting atherosclerosis. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2021.706490
Lin, C. K., Chen, P. Y., Wu, Y. Y., Wu, C. C., Chen, H. J., Liang, C. L., Lee, Y. C., Lin, C. W., Hung, C. M., & Wang, H. K. (2021). Adjunctive Statin Therapy Reduces Mortality After Acute Hemorrhagic Stroke. Risk management and healthcare policy, 14, 177–183. https://doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S290964
Lu, Y., Wang, C., Bao, Y., Huang, L., Lu, G., & Li, Y. (2024). Association between intracranial aneurysm wall enhancement and intracranial atherosclerotic plaque: a cross-sectional study using high-resolution vessel wall imaging. Quantitative imaging in medicine and surgery, 14(2), 1553–1563. https://doi.org/10.21037/qims-23-1025
Lundervik, M., Fromm, A., Haaland, Ø. A., Waje-Andreassen, U., Svendsen, F., Thomassen, L., & Helland, C. A. (2014). Carotid intima-media thickness--a potential predictor for rupture risk of intracranial aneurysms. International journal of stroke : official journal of the International Stroke Society, 9(7), 866–872. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijs.12159
Magid-Bernstein, J., Girard, R., Polster, S., Srinath, A., Romanos, S., Awad, I. A., & Sansing, L. H. (2022). Cerebral Hemorrhage: Pathophysiology, Treatment, and Future Directions. Circulation research, 130(8), 1204–1229. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.121.319949
Malik, A. N., Gross, B. A., Rosalind Lai, P. M., Moses, Z. B., & Du, R. (2015). Neurogenic Stress Cardiomyopathy After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. World neurosurgery, 83(6), 880–885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2015.01.013
Mancia, G., Kreutz, R., Brunström, M., Burnier, M., Grassi, G., Januszewicz, A., Muiesan, M. L., Tsioufis, K., Agabiti-Rosei, E., Algharably, E. A. E., Azizi, M., Benetos, A., Borghi, C., Hitij, J. B., Cifkova, R., Coca, A., Cornelissen, V., Cruickshank, J. K., Cunha, P. G., Danser, A. H. J., … Kjeldsen, S. E. (2023). 2023 ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension: Endorsed by the International Society of Hypertension (ISH) and the European Renal Association (ERA). Journal of hypertension, 41(12), 1874–2071. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000003480
Nakanishi, K., Daimon, M., Yoshida, Y., Ishiwata, J., Sawada, N., Hirokawa, M., Kaneko, H., Nakao, T., Mizuno, Y., Morita, H., Di Tullio, M. R., Homma, S., & Komuro, I. (2020). Carotid intima-media thickness and subclinical left heart dysfunction in the general population. Atherosclerosis, 305, 42–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.05.019
O'Brien, E., White, W. B., Parati, G., & Dolan, E. (2018). Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in the 21st century. Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.), 20(7), 1108–1111. https://doi.org/10.1111/jch.13275
Orsi, F. A., Biedermann, J. S., Kruip, M. J. H. A., van der Meer, F. J., Rosendaal, F. R., van Hylckama Vlieg, A., Bos, M. H. A., Leebeek, F. W. G., Cannegieter, S. C., & Lijfering, W. M. (2019). Rosuvastatin use reduces thrombin generation potential in patients with venous thromboembolism: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH, 17(2), 319–328. https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.14364
Pallesen, L., Wagner, J., Lambrou, D., Braun, S., Weise, M., Prakapenia, A., Barlinn, J., Siepmann, T., Winzer, S., Moustafa, H., Kitzler, H. H., Barlinn, K., Reichmann, H., & Puetz, V. (2020). Association of Hypertensive Intracerebral Hemorrhage with Left Ventricular Hypertrophy on Transthoracic Echocardiography. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(7), 2148. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9072148
Peng, K., Li, X., Wang, Z., Li, M., & Yang, Y. (2022). Association of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels with the risk of mortality and cardiovascular events: A meta-analysis of cohort studies with 1,232,694 participants. Medicine, 101(48), e32003. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000032003
Ribe, A. R., Vestergaard, C. H., Vestergaard, M., Pedersen, H. S., Prior, A., Lietzen, L. W., Brynningsen, P. K., & Fenger‐Grøn, M. (2020). Statins and risk of intracerebral hemorrhage in individuals with a history of stroke. Stroke, 51(4), 1111–1119. https://doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.119.027301
Siniscalchi, C., Basaglia, M., Riva, M., Meschi, M., Meschi, T., Castaldo, G., & Di Micco, P. (2023). Statins Effects on Blood Clotting: A Review. Cells, 12(23), 2719. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12232719
Singh, I., & Rabkin, S. W. (2021). Circadian variation of the QT interval and heart rate variability and their interrelationship. Journal of electrocardiology, 65, 18–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2021.01.004
Sirenko, Y. N., Radchenko, H. D., & Mishchenko, L. A. (2018). Класифікація та стандарти надання медичної допомоги хворим на артеріальну гіпертензію Асоціації кардіологів України. HYPERTENSION, (4.60), 26-47.
Teoh, R. J. J., Huang, C. J., Chan, C. P., Chien, L. Y., Chung, C. P., Sung, S. H., Chen, C. H., Chiang, C. E., & Cheng, H. M. (2019). Does statin increase the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage in stroke survivors? A meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders, 12, 1756286419864830. https://doi.org/10.1177/1756286419864830
Tian, Y., Li, D., Cui, H., Zhang, X., Fan, X., & Lu, F. (2024). Epidemiology of multimorbidity associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in the United States, 1999-2018. BMC public health, 24(1), 267. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-17619-y
Townsend, R. R. (2020). Out-of-Office blood pressure monitoring: A comparison of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and home (Self) monitoring of blood pressure. Hypertension, 76(6), 1667–1673. https://doi.org/10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.14650
Van Matre, E. T., Cook, A. M., Shah, S. P., Rydz, A. C., & Smetana, K. S. (2019). Management of Chronic Hypertension Following Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Critical care nursing quarterly, 42(2), 148–164. https://doi.org/10.1097/CNQ.0000000000000248
Varounis, C., Katsi, V., Nihoyannopoulos, P., Lekakis, J., & Tousoulis, D. (2017). Cardiovascular Hypertensive Crisis: Recent Evidence and Review of the Literature. Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine, 3, 51. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2016.00051
Veeturi, S. S., Rajabzadeh-Oghaz, H., Pintér, N. K., Waqas, M., Hasan, D. M., Snyder, K. V., Siddiqui, A. H., & Tutino, V. M. (2021). Aneurysm risk metrics and hemodynamics are associated with greater vessel wall enhancement in intracranial aneurysms. Royal Society open science, 8(11), 211119. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.211119
Wedro B. (2022). Brain Aneurysm (Cerebral Aneurysm). MedicineNet, online. https://www.medicinenet.com/brain_aneurysm/article.htm
Yousuf, F. S., Khan, M. A. A., Bibi, R., Arif, A., Arshad, A., & Almas, A. (2023). Medication Adherence in Patients With Uncontrolled Hypertension & Hypertensive Crisis Presenting to a Hospital Setting in Karachi, Pakistan. Cureus, 15(1), e33995. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.33995
Боєв, С. С., Доценко, М. Я., Герасименко, Л. В., Шехунова, І. О., & Яценко, О. В. (2017). Стан когнітивних функцій і їх зв’язок із субклінічними структурними змінами сонної артерії та частотою гіпертонічних кризів у хворих на артеріальну гіпертензію. Артериальная гипертензия, (3 (53)), 23-28.
Візір, В. А., Деміденко, О. В., Гончаров, О. В., & Школовий, В. В. (2019). Гіпертонічна хвороба. Вторинні артеріальні гіпертензії. Нейроциркуляторна дистонія. Модуль 2. Ч. 2.
Радченко, А. Д. (2015). Современные аспекты контроля артериального давления: достаточно ли рутинного измерения?(часть i). Артериальная гипертензия, (1 (39)), 7-18.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
ISSN 
ISSN 
